Perfusion is the passage of the blood through the circulatory system to the capillary bed to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the tissue and remove waste products (e.g., removal of CO 2 to the lungs, removal of urea to the kidneys). Blood pressure regulation involves a complex interaction of various sensors ( baroreceptors, volume receptors, chemoreceptors) and mechanisms, including the autonomic nervous system, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system ( RAAS), and atrial reflex and diuresis reflex. The pressure gradient across the circulatory system drives the blood flow from high pressure to low pressure. Blood pressure is generated by the heart, creating a pulsatile blood flow that leads to systolic blood pressure (maximum pressure reached during a cardiac cycle) and diastolic blood pressure (minimum pressure reached during a cardiac cycle) within the circulatory system. The Poiseuille equation describes the relationship between vascular resistance, the length and radius of the vessel, and the viscosity of blood. Vascular resistance is the amount of resistance in the systematic circulation that must be overcome to create blood flow. Blood flow through the circulatory system is generated by the heart. The circulatory system, which is also called the vascular system or cardiovascular system, consists of the systemic circulation, pulmonary circulation, the heart, and the lymphatic system.
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